Druidism was the ancient magical religious faith found to be operating in Gaul and later England and Ireland as the Ro- mans pushed northward that has been revived as a twentieth- century Neo-Pagan religion. The name derives from an old Welsh term for oak, implying that they are the people who know the wisdom of the trees. Julius Caesar encountered the Druids in Gaul in the first century B.C.E. where, among other duties, they oversaw the human sacrifices that were then part of the Celtic religion. From that time forward, a number of Ro- mans chronicled their life, especially after the conquest of Brit- ain in the next century. Gradually, Christianity was introduced into England and then in the fifth century into Ireland. Over the next few centuries, it replaced the Druid religion.
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The ancient Druid tradition, largely passed through the oral tradition, was rendered into written form in the Middle Ages in two primary texts, the Mabinogion and the Book of Taliesin. Various elements of Druidism passed into folklore and survived in local customs and folk songs. Numerous archeological re- mains have been discovered and through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, efforts to reconstruct the history and belief of the Druids have proceeded. It is now generally believed that the Druids were firmly in place by the sixth century B.C.E., and evidence has emerged that suggests that Druidism may be traced to the time of the monolithic culture that built Stone- henge and related structures across the British Isles. Druidism may have survived in remote corners of rural Britain, and some have suggested that it could be found on the island of St. Kilda as late as the eighteenth century.
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The fragments of literature on ancient Druidism leave con- siderable room for interpretation of Druid belief and practice (thus providing the base for the broad spectrum of belief and behavior among contemporary Druids). It is known that the community was organized around the three groups of function- aries. The bards were the keepers of the wisdom tradition. They memorized the key material of the tradition, much of which was put into poetic form and made it available to the people. The Ovates were the mediums\/shamans of the commu- nity. Among their duties was the establishment of contact with ancestors in the spirit realm. They also engaged in divination of various kinds, including the reading of entrails, in attempts to predict the future. The Druid priests were the most powerful leaders in the community. They presided over worship and group ceremonies, and often served as advisors to the secular rulers.
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The Druid religion was nature-based and its worship cycle was marked by the movements of the Sun and Moon. The year was marked by the changing positions of the rising sun, the sol- stices and equinoxes, and the four additional festivals halfway between these four that marked important points in the agri- cultural seasons. These were known by different names in dif- ferent locations and at different times. Among the major con- temporary British Druids, these are known as:
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Samhuinn (October 31\u2013November 2) Winter Solstice (December 21 or 22)
\nSamhuinn\uff0810\u670831\u65e5\u81f311\u67082\u65e5\uff09\u51ac\u81f3\uff0812\u670821\u65e5\u621622\u65e5\uff09<\/p>\n
Imbolc (February 1)
\nImbolc\uff082\u67081\u65e5\uff09<\/p>\n
Spring Equinox (March 21) Beltane (May 1)
\n\u6625\u5206\uff083\u670821\u65e5\uff09Beltane\uff085\u67081\u65e5\uff09<\/p>\n
Summer Solstice (June 21 or 22)
\n\u590f\u81f3\uff086\u670821\u65e5\u621622\u65e5\uff09<\/p>\n
Lughnasadh (August 1)
\nLughnasadh\uff088\u67081\u65e5\uff09<\/p>\n
Fall Equinox (September 22)
\n\u79cb\u5206\uff089\u670822\u65e5\uff09<\/p>\n
Today, the most notable date in the calendar is the summer solstice, when British Druids gather at Stonehenge for a sunrise service.
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The Druids were especially associated with oaks and the mis- tletoe that grows as a parasite on it. According to Pliny, they gathered the mistletoe in a ritualized manner, used it in their rites, and drank its juice for its medicinal value.
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Among the most controversial practices associated with Dru- ids was human sacrifice. In their priestly service among the Celtics in Gaul, it was noted by Julius Caesar and Strabo that they oversaw the sacrifice of humans. Caesar mentioned the im- mense images which they filled with living victims and burned to death, a practice that was vividly pictured in the 1975 movie The Wicker Man.
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<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Druidism \u5fb7\u9c81\u4f0a Druidism was the ancient magical religious […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2764","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category--magic-notebook-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/magickpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2764","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/magickpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/magickpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magickpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magickpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2764"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/magickpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2764\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/magickpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2764"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magickpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2764"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magickpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2764"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}