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Modern interest in Druidism can be traced to an amateur antiquarian, John Aubrey (1676\u20131697), who delved into the classical Druid texts and suggested that the Druids had wor- shiped at the old stone monuments in Wiltshire. His work began the association of Druidism and Stonehenge. A modern Druidism emerged into public notice in the next century when, in 1717, Deist writer John Toland (1670\u20131722) was elected the chief of the first modern Druid order, An Tigh Geatha Gairdeachas. Reportedly Druids from previously existing groups from across England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and Brittany attended the inaugural meeting in London. Toland spent the last years of his life working on a history of the Dru- ids, excerpts of which were posthumously published.
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Building on Aubrey\u2019s work, the physician William Stukeley (1687\u20131765) did extensive observations in Wiltshire and brought the monumental structures to public attention. He published a book on Stonehenge in 1740 and on Avebury three years later. He described Druidism as the aboriginal pa- triarchal religion and reputedly succeeded Toland as the sec- ond chief of the modern Druid order. Stukeley was himself reputedly succeeded by the likes of poet William Blake and writer Geoffrey Higgins.
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<\/p>\n
Interest in Druidism as the traditional pre-Christian reli- gion of the British Isles led to the formation of several Druid organizations through the eighteenth century. The most im- portant was the Ancient Order of Druids founded in London in 1781 by Henry Hurle. It is the largest Druid body in England with some 3000 members. Of interest, the order is primarily a male group, with women not permitted entrance to the majori- ty of their lodges. There are some all-female lodges. Also founded at the end of the eighteenth century was a uniquely Welsh Druid tradition centered in the channeled material of Edward Williams, better known by his Druid name Iolo Mor- ganwg. A controversial figure, Williams offered his channeled material as genuine remnants of ancient Druid wisdom, and they were so accepted by some who did not understand their origin. When their origin was discovered, many dismissed Mor- ganwg as a fraud; however, his group, the Bardi\/Druidic Eisted- foddau, still exists.
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In the nineteenth century, the Druid movement spread across Europe and through the British Empire, though the groups that formed remained small and ephemeral. It was only in the context of the emergence of a larger Neo-Pagan move- ment, spearheaded by the new Witchcraft created by the Brit- ish witch Gerald B. Gardner, that Druidism has found a friend- ly environment in which to grow and proliferate. Among the important groups to emerge in England in the post- Gardnerian context are the Order of Bards, Ovates and Dru- ids founded in 1864 by Ross Nichols and the Golden Section Order founded in 1975 by Colin Murray. Recently, a Council of British Druid Orders has emerged to provide fellowship among the many independent Druid groups.
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In America, a new and separate Druid tradition was initiated in 1963 by students at Carlton College in Northfield, Minneso- ta, as part of a protest of compulsory chapel at the church- related school. In order to gain permission not to attend chap- el, the students fashioned a separate religion based upon their reading of books on ancient religion. Once the rules on com- pulsory chapel were dropped, the Druids discovered that they liked what they had created. Thus was born the Reformed Dru- ids of North America that spread through the Neo-Pagan sub- culture. In Berkeley, California, the movement found a new leader in the person of Isaac Bonewits, who emerged as the most visible spokesperson of Druidism in North America. In 1983 he left the loosely organized Reformed Druid coalition to found Ar nDraiocht Fein, currently the largest Druid group in North America. It has in turn given birth to additional groups such as the Henge of Keltria.
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