Druidism
德鲁伊
Druidism was the ancient magical religious faith found to be operating in Gaul and later England and Ireland as the Ro- mans pushed northward that has been revived as a twentieth- century Neo-Pagan religion. The name derives from an old Welsh term for oak, implying that they are the people who know the wisdom of the trees. Julius Caesar encountered the Druids in Gaul in the first century B.C.E. where, among other duties, they oversaw the human sacrifices that were then part of the Celtic religion. From that time forward, a number of Ro- mans chronicled their life, especially after the conquest of Brit- ain in the next century. Gradually, Christianity was introduced into England and then in the fifth century into Ireland. Over the next few centuries, it replaced the Druid religion.
德鲁伊是一种古老的魔法宗教信仰，随着罗曼人向北推进，它在高卢以及后来的英格兰和爱尔兰开始运作，并作为一种二十世纪的新异教徒宗教复兴。这个名字来源于一个古老的威尔士术语橡树，意思是他们知道树的智慧。公元前一世纪，尤利乌斯·凯撒在高卢遇到了德鲁伊教。在那里，除其他职责外，他们监督了当时属于凯尔特人宗教的人类祭祀。从那时起，许多罗曼人记录了他们的生活，特别是在下个世纪征服英国之后。渐渐地，基督教传入英国，然后在五世纪传入爱尔兰。在接下来的几个世纪里，它取代了德鲁伊教。
The ancient Druid tradition, largely passed through the oral tradition, was rendered into written form in the Middle Ages in two primary texts, the Mabinogion and the Book of Taliesin. Various elements of Druidism passed into folklore and survived in local customs and folk songs. Numerous archeological re- mains have been discovered and through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, efforts to reconstruct the history and belief of the Druids have proceeded. It is now generally believed that the Druids were firmly in place by the sixth century B.C.E., and evidence has emerged that suggests that Druidism may be traced to the time of the monolithic culture that built Stone- henge and related structures across the British Isles. Druidism may have survived in remote corners of rural Britain, and some have suggested that it could be found on the island of St. Kilda as late as the eighteenth century.
古代德鲁伊传统主要通过口头传统，在中世纪的两个主要文本《马比诺纪事》和《塔列辛书》中被写成书面形式。德鲁伊教的各种元素进入民间传说，并在当地习俗和民歌中幸存下来。在十九世纪和二十世纪，人们发现了许多考古遗迹，并努力重建德鲁伊的历史和信仰。现在人们普遍认为，德鲁伊教在公元前六世纪就已经牢固存在，有证据表明，德鲁伊教可以追溯到整个不列颠群岛建造巨石阵和相关建筑的整体文化时代。德鲁伊教可能在英国农村的偏远角落幸存了下来，还有一些人认为它可能在圣基尔达岛上发现，直到十八世纪。
The fragments of literature on ancient Druidism leave con- siderable room for interpretation of Druid belief and practice (thus providing the base for the broad spectrum of belief and behavior among contemporary Druids). It is known that the community was organized around the three groups of function- aries. The bards were the keepers of the wisdom tradition. They memorized the key material of the tradition, much of which was put into poetic form and made it available to the people. The Ovates were the mediums/shamans of the commu- nity. Among their duties was the establishment of contact with ancestors in the spirit realm. They also engaged in divination of various kinds, including the reading of entrails, in attempts to predict the future. The Druid priests were the most powerful leaders in the community. They presided over worship and group ceremonies, and often served as advisors to the secular rulers.
关于古代德鲁伊教的文献片段为解释德鲁伊信仰和实践留下了相当大的空间（从而为当代德鲁伊的广泛信仰和行为提供了基础）。众所周知，社区是围绕三组功能-白羊座组织的。吟游诗人是智慧传统的守护者。他们记住了这一传统的关键材料，其中许多材料被制成诗歌形式，并提供给人们。卵形人是社区的媒介/萨满。他们的职责之一是在精神领域与祖先建立联系。他们还从事各种各样的占卜，包括读内脏，试图预测未来。德鲁伊牧师是社区中最有权势的领袖。他们主持崇拜和集体仪式，并经常担任世俗统治者的顾问。
The Druid religion was nature-based and its worship cycle was marked by the movements of the Sun and Moon. The year was marked by the changing positions of the rising sun, the sol- stices and equinoxes, and the four additional festivals halfway between these four that marked important points in the agri- cultural seasons. These were known by different names in dif- ferent locations and at different times. Among the major con- temporary British Druids, these are known as:
德鲁伊宗教以自然为基础，其崇拜周期以太阳和月亮的运动为标志。这一年的特点是日出、夏至和春分的位置不断变化，以及在这四个节日之间又增加了四个节日，标志着农业季节的重要时刻。在不同的地点和不同的时间，人们以不同的名字来认识它们。在主要的临时英国德鲁伊中，他们被称为：
Samhuinn (October 31–November 2) Winter Solstice (December 21 or 22)
Samhuinn（10月31日至11月2日）冬至（12月21日或22日）
Imbolc (February 1)
Imbolc（2月1日）
Spring Equinox (March 21) Beltane (May 1)
春分（3月21日）Beltane（5月1日）
Summer Solstice (June 21 or 22)
夏至（6月21日或22日）
Lughnasadh (August 1)
Lughnasadh（8月1日）
Fall Equinox (September 22)
秋分（9月22日）
Today, the most notable date in the calendar is the summer solstice, when British Druids gather at Stonehenge for a sunrise service.
今天，日历上最著名的日子是夏至，英国德鲁伊聚集在巨石阵参加日出仪式。
The Druids were especially associated with oaks and the mis- tletoe that grows as a parasite on it. According to Pliny, they gathered the mistletoe in a ritualized manner, used it in their rites, and drank its juice for its medicinal value.
德鲁伊教尤其与橡树和寄生在橡树上的小虫联系在一起。据普林尼说，他们以仪式化的方式采集槲寄生，在仪式中使用，并饮用其果汁以获取药用价值。
Among the most controversial practices associated with Dru- ids was human sacrifice. In their priestly service among the Celtics in Gaul, it was noted by Julius Caesar and Strabo that they oversaw the sacrifice of humans. Caesar mentioned the im- mense images which they filled with living victims and burned to death, a practice that was vividly pictured in the 1975 movie The Wicker Man.
与德鲁伊教相关的最有争议的实践之一是人类牺牲。在高卢凯尔特人的祭司服务中，朱利叶斯·凯撒和斯特拉博指出，他们监督了人类的牺牲。凯撒提到了他们用活生生的受害者烧死的形象，这一做法在1975年的电影《柳条侠》中得到了生动的描绘。