Modern Druidism
现代德鲁伊

Modern interest in Druidism can be traced to an amateur antiquarian, John Aubrey (1676–1697), who delved into the classical Druid texts and suggested that the Druids had wor- shiped at the old stone monuments in Wiltshire. His work began the association of Druidism and Stonehenge. A modern Druidism emerged into public notice in the next century when, in 1717, Deist writer John Toland (1670–1722) was elected the chief of the first modern Druid order, An Tigh Geatha Gairdeachas. Reportedly Druids from previously existing groups from across England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and Brittany attended the inaugural meeting in London. Toland spent the last years of his life working on a history of the Dru- ids, excerpts of which were posthumously published.
现代人对德鲁伊教的兴趣可以追溯到一位业余古董学家约翰·奥布里（1676-1697），他深入研究了德鲁伊的经典文献，并提出德鲁伊是在威尔特郡的旧石碑上发现的。他的工作开始了德鲁伊教和巨石阵的联系。1717年，自然神论作家约翰·托兰（1670-1722）被选为第一个现代德鲁伊教教团的首领，一个叫蒂格·赫塔·盖尔代卡斯的教团，一个现代德鲁伊教在下个世纪开始引起公众的注意。据报道，来自英格兰、苏格兰、爱尔兰、威尔士和布列塔尼的德鲁伊参加了在伦敦举行的开幕式。托兰在他生命的最后几年致力于研究德鲁伊的历史，其中的摘录在死后出版。

Building on Aubrey’s work, the physician William Stukeley (1687–1765) did extensive observations in Wiltshire and brought the monumental structures to public attention. He published a book on Stonehenge in 1740 and on Avebury three years later. He described Druidism as the aboriginal pa- triarchal religion and reputedly succeeded Toland as the sec- ond chief of the modern Druid order. Stukeley was himself reputedly succeeded by the likes of poet William Blake and writer Geoffrey Higgins.
在奥布里研究的基础上，医生威廉·斯图克利（1687-1765）在威尔特郡进行了广泛的观察，并将纪念性建筑提请公众注意。他于1740年出版了一本关于巨石阵的书，三年后又出版了一本关于阿夫伯里的书。他将德鲁伊教描述为土著的pa-triarchal宗教，并据说接替托兰成为现代德鲁伊教的第二任首领。据说，斯图克利的继任者是诗人威廉·布莱克和作家杰弗里·希金斯。

Interest in Druidism as the traditional pre-Christian reli- gion of the British Isles led to the formation of several Druid organizations through the eighteenth century. The most im- portant was the Ancient Order of Druids founded in London in 1781 by Henry Hurle. It is the largest Druid body in England with some 3000 members. Of interest, the order is primarily a male group, with women not permitted entrance to the majori- ty of their lodges. There are some all-female lodges. Also founded at the end of the eighteenth century was a uniquely Welsh Druid tradition centered in the channeled material of Edward Williams, better known by his Druid name Iolo Mor- ganwg. A controversial figure, Williams offered his channeled material as genuine remnants of ancient Druid wisdom, and they were so accepted by some who did not understand their origin. When their origin was discovered, many dismissed Mor- ganwg as a fraud; however, his group, the Bardi/Druidic Eisted- foddau, still exists.
对德鲁伊教作为不列颠群岛传统的前基督教宗教区域的兴趣导致了十八世纪几个德鲁伊组织的形成。最重要的是亨利·赫尔于1781年在伦敦建立的古代德鲁伊教。它是英国最大的德鲁伊团体，有大约3000名成员。值得注意的是，骑士团主要是一个男性群体，女性不得进入其大多数住所。有一些全是女性的小屋。18世纪末，以爱德华·威廉姆斯（Edward Williams）的通灵材料为中心的威尔士德鲁伊（Welsh Druid）的独特传统也建立了起来，他的德鲁伊名字Iolo Mor-ganwg更为人所知。威廉姆斯是一个有争议的人物，他提供的通灵材料是古代德鲁伊智慧的真正残余，因此被一些不了解其起源的人所接受。当他们的起源被发现时，许多人认为Mor-ganwg是一个骗子；然而，他的组织，巴尔迪/德鲁伊的艾斯特德-福多，仍然存在。

In the nineteenth century, the Druid movement spread across Europe and through the British Empire, though the groups that formed remained small and ephemeral. It was only in the context of the emergence of a larger Neo-Pagan move- ment, spearheaded by the new Witchcraft created by the Brit- ish witch Gerald B. Gardner, that Druidism has found a friend- ly environment in which to grow and proliferate. Among the important groups to emerge in England in the post- Gardnerian context are the Order of Bards, Ovates and Dru- ids founded in 1864 by Ross Nichols and the Golden Section Order founded in 1975 by Colin Murray. Recently, a Council of British Druid Orders has emerged to provide fellowship among the many independent Druid groups.
在十九世纪，德鲁伊运动遍及欧洲和整个大英帝国，尽管形成的团体仍然很小且短暂。只有在英国女巫杰拉尔德·B·加德纳（Gerald B.Gardner）创造的新巫术引领下，一场更大的新异教运动出现，德鲁伊教才找到了一个友好的环境，在其中成长和扩散。在后加德纳时代背景下，英格兰出现的重要群体包括由罗斯·尼科尔斯于1864年创立的吟游诗人、奥瓦特和德鲁伊骑士团，以及科林·默里于1975年创立的黄金分割骑士团。最近，一个由英国德鲁伊教团组成的委员会出现了，为许多独立的德鲁伊团体提供友谊。

In America, a new and separate Druid tradition was initiated in 1963 by students at Carlton College in Northfield, Minneso- ta, as part of a protest of compulsory chapel at the church- related school. In order to gain permission not to attend chap- el, the students fashioned a separate religion based upon their reading of books on ancient religion. Once the rules on com- pulsory chapel were dropped, the Druids discovered that they liked what they had created. Thus was born the Reformed Dru- ids of North America that spread through the Neo-Pagan sub- culture. In Berkeley, California, the movement found a new leader in the person of Isaac Bonewits, who emerged as the most visible spokesperson of Druidism in North America. In 1983 he left the loosely organized Reformed Druid coalition to found Ar nDraiocht Fein, currently the largest Druid group in North America. It has in turn given birth to additional groups such as the Henge of Keltria.
在美国，一个新的和独立的德鲁伊传统是在1963年开始的卡尔顿学院的学生在北菲尔德，明尼索塔，作为一个抗议的一部分，强制教堂在教堂相关的学校。为了获得不参加第二章的许可，学生们在阅读古代宗教书籍的基础上形成了一种独立的宗教。一旦公共礼拜堂的规则被废除，德鲁伊发现他们喜欢自己创造的东西。北美的改革派德鲁伊就这样诞生了，并通过新异教亚文化传播开来。在加利福尼亚州的伯克利，该运动找到了一位新的领袖艾萨克·博内维茨，他是北美德鲁伊教最引人注目的代言人。1983年，他离开组织松散的改良德鲁伊联盟，成立了目前北美最大的德鲁伊团体——阿尔·恩德拉约特·费恩。它反过来又产生了其他群体，如凯尔特里亚的恒河。

Sources:
资料来源：

Carr-Gomm, Philip. The Elements of the Druid Tradition.
卡尔·戈姆，菲利普。德鲁伊传统的元素。

Shaftesbury, Dorset, UK: Element, 1991.
沙夫茨伯里，多塞特，英国：元素，1991年。

Matthews, John, ed. The Druid Source Book. London: Brand- ford, 1998.
约翰·马修斯主编的《德鲁伊信源书》。伦敦：品牌-福特，1998年。

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